The Portuguese conquered Goa beginning from 1510. The first decree that Afonso de Albuquerque passed after the conquest was to ban sati, the practice of cremating widows, on the funeral pyres of their husbands. However the Portuguese felt that sati was barbaric and banned it. It was for the first time that a conqueror had dared to interfere with local religious/cultural practices. The Muslims, who had conquered large parts of the country over the preceding seven hundred years had either converted the people to Islam or permitted them to continue with their practices on payment of .
The Portuguese came to India as traders of goods, material (spices) and spiritual (souls) and wherever there was local reluctance to trade, force was used to procure the goods. Those were the days my friend, which the Portuguese thought would never end!
The Portuguese had not encountered religions other than Islam before venturing into India. The local people did not have any religion in the European sense of the term. The response of the people to the question on their religion was that they were brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishas, shudras or any of their sub-castes. All these people did not cumulatively identify themselves as followers of a common religion. The Portuguese could not comprehend the religious practice which came to be called `konkanne’ after the locale. Thus, there were no “Hindus” when the Portuguese conquered Goa. The name “Hindu” itself was similarly coined by foreigners, to identify the religious practices of Indians.
The Portuguese genuinely believed, that the local people needed to be saved and for them, the only way to do so, was to Christianise them and they spared no efforts in this direction. The Portuguese certainly did not mean to harm the local people, but, invested manpower and money in trying to make them mirror images of themselves. If the Portuguese were not to concentrate on conversions, they would have been a stronger trading and military power, than the British, French and Dutch, who did not waste energies on spiritual activities.
The question before us, is not whether the Portuguese did use force for conversions, but was force needed at all? The record of conversions in Salcete is pretty clear. The first person to embrace Christianity was the escrivão of the Comunidade of Cortalim who was a brahmin. Upon conversion he was christened as Pedro Mascarenhas. His descendants continue to live at Raia and one of them was married to former minister. Soon gaonkars in various villages met and resolved to convert to the new religion. Everything went on smoothly till the kshatriyas of Cuncolim offered resistance around 1583. And what happened 500 years ago is pretty similar to what happens in Goa, now.
Today religious conversion is hardly an issue, but political conversion is. Goa has set national, if not international records in defections. And defection is nothing but conversion from one ideology to another. Look at Ramakant Khalap, Churchill Alemao, Ravi Naik, Wilfred Mesquita, Digambar Kamat, Wilfred D’Souza, and a host of others. They have moved seamlessly, from the far right to the far left, from Hindutuva to secular politics and back again. And their supporters have followed them, wherever they have gone, all in the name of development. Our ancestors also did the same thing. It is a natural trait in us to join the winners. No force is required. The Portuguese won and we kowtowed to them. Had Tipu Sultan succeeded in defeating the British in 1799, his sultanate would have perhaps extended to Goa. And all of our ancestors would have embraced Islam, without demur.
The Gaud Saraswat Brahmins in Goa, till about the 13th or 14th centuries were all shaivites (adve). Around that time, a Shankaracharya came to Goa and converted a section of the brahmins to Vaishnavism (ube). Today, the majority of the brahmins in Goa are Vaishnavites. Right now, among the Catholics, many are converting to “believers”. Conversion thus is not something new, but a part of the growth of civilisations.
The use of force ~ if it is perceived to be for the good of the individual and society ~ has always been the rule. I can distinctly recall my own resistance and that of several classmates, for vaccination against small pox, when I was a primary school student. All who resisted were then brought under control, by older students who physically held us to facilitate the vaccination. The result is that not only were we immunised against small pox, but the dreaded disease was eradicated. The vaccination was for our good, according to the WHO and so was conversion, according to the Portuguese!
If there is something or someone to be blamed, then it is our way of life which did not prepare us to face the world. Foreigners marched in and trampled upon us, century after century. Despite forewarnings we did not organise our defences. No forts were built to guard the passes that provided entry into the country from the north-west. Our superstitions prevented us from venturing into the high seas. Anyone who did so, became unclean and an outcaste. And so the foreigners came sailing over the `polluting’ seas and colonised us. If we do not acknowledge our faults, our future is as dim as our past.
